Copper (Cu) is an essential trace mineral to humans. The majority of the body’s copper is in the Cu²⁺ form. The human body contains about 1.4 to 2.1 mg of copper per kg of body mass. ...  read more

Hypercalcemia  (Hypercalcemia) is a condition that indicates an elevated calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood. It may be presented as acute, chronic, or transitional dysfunction. ...  read more

With so much attention directed to the liver and digestive disorders associated with liver function impairment, the importance of pancreas seems to be almost completely ignored, particularly due to the fact that the blood tests that evaluate basic enzyme presence in the blood stream are not an accurate representation of pancreatic function. ...  read more

Histamine is a basic amine that is utilized and stored by the basophils and mast cells. Its primary functions include contraction of smooth muscle, cardiac stimulation, and increase in vascular permeability by acting on H1-receptors and gastric acid secretion by acting on H2-receptors. ...  read more

Glycosaminoglycans (Mucopolysaccharides) are long chains of sugar molecules such as glucosamine. They comprise the first line of defense of mucous membranes of gastrointestinal tract and the bladder. They are also found in fluid around the joints, cartilage, connective tissue and skin. Examples of GAGs include Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan sulfate, Keratan sulfate, Heparin, Heparan sulfate and Hyaluronan. ...  read more

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition characterized by increased urinary urgency, bladder and pelvic pain due to injury to the uroepithelium, a layer between the urinary space and underlying tissues. It is also frequently accompanied by symptoms such as chills, night time sweating and low grade fevers. ...  read more

Hypoglycemia is a term that describes recurrent episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia occurring after a high carbohydrate meal, an emotional stress that can cause an insulin release or a night time low blood sugar episode that generally occurs when adrenaline levels fall and insulin levels stay elevated. ...  read more

are the leading cause of viral diseases in humans. There are at least 25 identified viruses in the family of Herpesviridae. They are very contagious and once infected remain in the human host for life. After infection, it retreats along nerve fibres to nerve cells near the brain or spinal cord, where it remains dormant. When the host is ultimately in a remarkable health, these viruses remain dormant after the initial infection and rarely are a cause for a concern. It is thought that the viruses are mostly lay dormant in the spinal ganglia. ...  read more

SIBO, a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth condition that occurs in the small intestine, indicating an excessive presence of bacteria. It is also referred to as SBBOS, a small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Individuals with SIBO might be only mildly symptomatic suffering from indigestion symptoms or profoundly affected with a malabsorption syndrome. ...  read more

Sleep is an essential contributing element to health. Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep will negatively affect one’s health long term. ...  read more